|
|
| (59 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| Notes by Mica Pollock | | Notes by Mica Pollock |
|
| |
|
| ''Here are some citations to previous research and some ideas'''/<font color=red>¡Ahas! </font color>''' I've been chewing on as PI of the OneVille Project, in conversation with literally hundreds of people featured or mentioned on this website. | | ''At the beginning of the OneVille Project, we decided that as PI of the overall project, one main role for me was Chief Learner. After we had six projects going simultaneously, I was indeed the only person who got to learn from every piece of the project. I learned constantly from everyone I met throughout this work and continue humbly to learn! |
|
| |
|
| (You’ll see '''<font color=red>¡Aha! </font color>''' written in red throughout this website. That means a moment when we figured out something of use about improving communications in education. )
| | ''After many years focusing on face-to-face communications supporting student success in diverse school communities, I still entered this work as a novice -- as a person newly trying technology to support necessary communications in public schools. I'm an equity person first, a communications person second, and now, a tester of technology when it helps get both done. Moreover, I entered this project as a total novice at participatory design research; I typically had watched the world as it is, never worked with others as a co-researcher to actually test solutions. |
|
| |
|
| [[Image:Onevillesocialnetworkslide.jpg|Onevillesocialnetworkslide.jpg]]
| | ''All of us will continue to write and speak about what we each learned. Here, I wanted to offer some initial ideas, '''<font color=red>¡Ahas! </font color>''', and prior research that I've personally been thinking about in conversation with literally hundreds of people featured or mentioned on this website. (You'll see '''<font color=red>¡Aha! </font color>''' written throughout this website. It means a moment when we figured out something useful about improving communications in education.) |
|
| |
|
| You could say that OneVille's work is rooted in antiracism, or progressivism, or a vision of community cooperation. We believe in tapping the potential of every child who shares a diverse community. We believe in community collaboration in young people's success.
| | '''<font color=#0000FF>This first article shares some of my own ¡Ahas! on the project and cites some research that for me undergirded some of this work. It's called "It Takes a Network to Raise a Child." Click below to read it. |
|
| |
|
| But we have been working specifically on concrete projects improving '''everyday communications''' in our diverse community. Why?
| | [[File:PollockIt Takes a NetworkJuly2012finalforpublication.pdf|PollockIt Takes a NetworkJuly2012finalforpublication.pdf]] |
|
| |
|
| Here's the logic: If we can’t communicate successfully in public school communities, we can’t collaborate successfully in student success.
| | [[Image:Onevillesocialnetworkslide.jpg|Onevillesocialnetworkslide.jpg]] |
| | |
| Look at the image above. These are some of the people whose everyday actions affect young people's fates -- the people who share individual students, classrooms, schools, and communities. Let’s call the young person in the middle “Jose.”
| |
| | |
| Research makes clear that supporting regular communication between these people, with the goal of supporting students' full talent development (Dewey 1897), is key to improving today’s schools. As Daly et al (2010) sum up after a host of studies on communications in education, “increased social interaction among all of the school’s stakeholders, is believed to be at the heart of system reform and school improvement” (362).
| |
| | |
| That's because these people -- including Jose -- each have ideas, information, and resources that the others need to know as they try to support Jose (see, e.g., González, Moll, and Amanti 2005)
| |
| | |
| Substantial research shows that to partner in any young person’s development, students and their supporters need to communicate regularly about students’ progress, interests, and experiences and about available resources, offering "high help" to students and communicating with "high expectations" for their success (Ferguson 2008).
| |
| | |
| More specifically, we know that youth do better when they get regular feedback from teachers and peers on improving their work (e.g., Hattie 2008); teachers teach better when youth, other teachers, and administrators offer feedback routinely on improving their teaching (Jones and Yonezawa 2008/2009; Daly et al 2010; Cochran-Smith and Lytle 2009; Boudett et al 2005); parents and teachers support children’s progress better when they communicate often about children’s activity in the other setting (Taveras et al 2010; González, Moll, and Amanti 2005; Lawrence-Lightfoot 2003). Families, youth, and teachers tap local resources better when they talk regularly about what’s available (Mickelson and Cousins 2008). Service providers who share regions are realizing that communicating regularly about common issues is key to partnership (http://www.strivetogether.org/.
| |
| | |
| Most of the above scholarship, and much of the scholarship calling explicitly for equity in education, has not looked so explicitly at the ''channels'' (Hymes 1972) through which people in school communities do or could communicate necessary information or build relationships, nor documented active tests of channels for enabling particular forms of information-sharing and relationship-building. Enter social media research, which cares specifically about the forms of information sharing and relationship that tech channels afford. In education, then, designers need to delve deep into communities’ communication needs and ask pointed questions about communications’ design: do teachers share student progress updates with immigrant parents most effectively via phones, email, or in person? Can mentors empower low income youth with college information most effectively via text message, written documents, or face-to-face? How can eportfolio rubrics be designed to motivate ongoing communication about students’ range of talents, between teachers, young people, and families? What public norms should be set if diverse stakeholders are to communicate successfully using a listserv, texting, or even just email? Which communications prompt (or threaten) the feeling of partnership necessary to keep partnering, particularly across language, race/ethnicity, and class?
| |
| | |
| So, throughout the OneVille Project, we asked the following design research questions:
| |
| | |
| :-To support young people, who in a diverse community needs to communicate which information to whom?
| |
|
| |
| :-What are the barriers to that communication, and how might those be overcome?
| |
| | |
| :-Which channels (used how), and which efforts to build relationships, might support particular necessary communications between these people?
| |
| | |
| :-When might specific forms of commonplace technology help increase community cooperation in young people’s success, by supporting diverse students, teachers, parents, administrators, service providers, and other community members to share ideas, resources, and necessary information and to build relationships? What are the limitations to technology use?
| |
| | |
| I've begun to ask a final question recently:
| |
| | |
| :-''How might school communities embed new communication infrastructure when they don’t currently have it?''
| |
| | |
| So, some <font color=red>¡Ahas! </font color>
| |
| | |
| '''<font color=red>¡Aha! </font color>Communication gaps are structural cracks in the foundation of partnership.'''
| |
| | |
| :For example: let's say Jose never tells teacher that he likes to learn science.
| |
| | |
| :Let’s say that teacher knows Jose loves science, but never hears from afterschool provider about a free science fair in the community.
| |
| | |
| :Let’s say that the parent doesn't hear from administrator about how to enroll Jose in afterschool care.
| |
| | |
| :Let’s say the tutor doesn't hear from teacher what young Jose needs to work on. Can she tutor him as effectively?
| |
| | |
| We speak often of students “falling through the cracks” in education, which implies a momentary gap in a human network of information-sharing, relationship, and response. I now think it's more accurate to speak of structural cracks -- communication barriers that routinely block key people from knowing and sharing necessary information. Think of rare face to face support team meetings, backpack fliers in English in multilingual schools, and paper portfolios kept in inaccessible cabinets: each communication habit risks failing to enable supporters to communicate in necessary ways (or promptly) about supporting young people.
| |
| | |
| Examples of structural cracks in education’s communication infrastructure abound: across the country, many administrators serving low-income children remain unable to quickly show parents or teachers basic data on students (Aarons 2009). Reliant on rare face-to-face meetings that are hard to schedule, many overloaded teachers and afterschool providers rarely communicate about what students need to work on (Yonezawa, Jones, and McClure forthcoming). Due to translation barriers (Zehr 2011), many immigrant parents remain unaware of educational opportunities available in their schools or community. Many students and teachers rarely exchange information on how students are doing personally or what they love to learn – even as youth of all social groups communicate constantly about both via tech outside of school (see, e.g., Ito et al, 2008: Watkins 2009; Noveck 2009; Shirky 2006; Taveras et al 2010; Mickelson and Cousins 2008).
| |
| | |
| Actually, all of the major things we want to do in education require better communications. Research on data-driven decision-making emphasizes that educators and service providers need to communicate better about student data (Boudett et al 2005; in the OneVille Project, we built data dashboards. Research on authentic assessment clarifies that students need to communicate to teachers what they can actually do (Darling-Hammond and Pecheone 2010; in the OneVille Project, we designed and seeded eportfolios). Research on family and community engagement shows that administrators and teachers need to communicate better with families (Mediratta et al 2009, Oakes and Rogers 2006; Henderson et al 2007; in the OneVille Project, we designed a Parent Connector Network testing a hybrid of phone calls, hotline, and face to face coffee hours.) And most germane for the texting pilot, research on youth engagement and mentoring indicates that students and mentors need ways to communicate rapidly about how young people are doing personally (Yonezawa, McClure and Jones forthcoming; Grossman and Bulle 2006).
| |
| | |
| All this research suggests that when students’ supporters communicate regularly about things the others don’t know but need to know, they are each more equipped to attend to students’ life experiences, to intervene rapidly to reduce moments of failure and reinforce moments of success, and to offer resources available to help.
| |
| | |
| '''<font color=red>¡Aha! </font color> After the OneVille Project, I suggest that improving public school communications particularly requires increasing the following ‘’’necessary communications,’’’ all of which are called for in educational research:
| |
| | |
| :'''Ready and reliable''' information on basic indicators of student progress and service (like we tried to offer with the dashboard project); '
| |
| :'''Robust''' (rather than shallow) information on each young person’s full range of skills, talents, and interests (think Somerville High's vibrant eportfolios, in comparison to the prior paper folders or a test score alone);
| |
| :'''Rapid''' information on youths’ personal development and well-being (central to Full Circle/Next Wave's pioneering of texting) '
| |
| :'''Far-reaching''' (rather than exclusive to some) information about public resources, events, and opportunities, and public ideas, circulated to all across lines of language, race/ethnicity, income, and tech literacy (like the Healey School's Parent Connector Network effort).
| |
| | |
| '''<font color=red>¡Aha! </font color>Teachers, students, and families can add “infrastructure” to make such necessary communications, more possible.'''
| |
| | |
| So, here’s what I’ve personally been learning on the OneVille Project: like adding new tunnels or roads connecting people, people in schools can add new ''communication infrastructure,'' to enable necessary communications.
| |
| | |
| By “communication infrastructure,” I mean embedded tools and strategies prompting people to communicate (an eportfolio; text messaging), and people’s habits of actually communicating (posting on eportfolios; sending texts).
| |
| | |
| Like adding new roads and showing people how to drive, new communication infrastructure “formally” embeds opportunities to communicate into the everyday life of schools, shaping the ongoing “informal” communications that then occur (building on Coburn, Choi, and Mata, in Daly et al 2010).
| |
| | |
| Communication infrastructure can steer people to communicate face-to-face (a regularly scheduled parent-teacher meeting), on paper (a bulletin board), and using some technology (a tool allowing parents and students to check grades online). Without such infrastructure, necessary communications are less possible or less likely.
| |
| | |
| I've now seen that if people consider necessary communications where they live and then test and seed free/low cost communication tools and strategies to enable necessary communications, they can make it more normal for new forms of partnership to happen.
| |
| | |
| To me, improving communication infrastructure means working to ensure that on a daily basis, the people who need to communicate information and ideas so they can collaborate in young people’s success can do it. Through the trials and triumphs of the OneVille Project, I have come to understand how design research methods can catalyze fundamental equity work: when educators, diverse youth and families name “necessary communications” and then help design and embed free/low cost communication tools, strategies, and habits for enabling those communications in their own schools and communities, they make it more normal for necessary communications to happen. Horton and Freire speak of community organizing as “making the road by walking” (1990), and in three of our most robust pilots, by following the lead of community members excited about particular communications we actually began embedding communication tools and habits in actual schools and, so, reshaping everyday communications. Invited to design eportfolios displaying what they could do and who they were, Somerville High School teachers and students seeded new assessment infrastructure. Brave enough to test a channel many others ban, Full Circle/Next Wave teachers and students began demonstrating the benefits of rapid updates on personal well-being. The Connectors helped normalize the need for standing infrastructure for communicating with immigrant parents. We also had pilots that didn’t yet successfully catch on: the dashboard pilot required too much development time from the young local technologist, we lacked time to do justice to the issue of citywide info-sharing, and our computer infrastructure efforts also ran out of dollars. Our most successful efforts tested already-made or user-ready free tools already in people’s hands (e.g., texting), stipended teachers, students, and project leaders to work freely on designing something they cared about that could then seed as a template (eportfolio) or tried new ways of tapping people’s energy to volunteer (like Parent Connectors); each began embedding communication infrastructure for partnership into the everyday operations of a diverse school.
| |
| | |
| '''<font color=red>¡Aha! </font color> Face to face, on paper, or electronically, people will support children most effectively if they communicate with the goal of enabling young people’s full talent development.'''
| |
| | |
| "More" communication isn't inherently good: people have to communicate with student success in mind. An eportfolio is just a blank page, after all; students and teachers could send anything over text message. Eportfolio teachers still had to encourage and support young people to present "their best" to a caring audience, now digitally. While encouraging student-teacher texting at Full Circle/Next Wave made texting possible, teachers still had to send small, caring text messages to young people; then students began to respond via text.
| |
| | |
| '''<font color=red>¡Aha! </font color> Information-sharing and relationship-building are two key processes of youth support that can be made easier with technology.
| |
| | |
| As people share information about issues relevant to young people's overall well-being, they build relationships as partners in that well-being; and as they build such relationships, they share more information necessary to their successful partnership. Research on social networking (Daly et al 2010) and social capital (Lin 2001) have each demonstrated that information-sharing and relationship-building are inextricably connected processes in education: people won’t share information if they don’t have relationships, but sharing information can help build the relationships necessary to sharing. Research on social media typically finds that technology affords both: above all on tech channels, we build relationships and share information (Ito et al, 2008: Watkins 2009; Noveck 2009; Shirky 2006).
| |
| | |
| So, communicating proactively about student success can lead TO relationships (a caring text makes you text back) and good relationships lead to communicating about student success (Connectors calling homes). If you post a resource about a free science fair on a listserv for other parents, it makes the next parent more likely to post another resource.
| |
| | |
| Other '''<font color=red>¡Ahas! </font color>'''
| |
| | |
| '''<font color=red>¡Aha! </font color> Infrastructure can support various “teams” of people need to communicate, to partner in young people’s success.'''
| |
| | |
| People need tools and strategies helping them to communicate about supporting the individual children they share (What does Jose love to learn? How is he doing on credits toward graduation?); about the classrooms they share (what’s the homework? Who has an idea on the assignment?), about the schools they share (what afterschool opportunities are available for children? What actions would improve the school?), and about supporting youth across the community they share (where’s the free science fair? How might we improve education here?).
| |
| | |
| '''<font color=red>¡Aha! </font color> A key challenge in public education today is figuring out what "blend" of face to face communication, technology, and paper enables the most effective youth support.'''
| |
| | |
| Supporting young people also requires a combination of ‘’’channels’’’ -- ‘’’face to face’’’ communications (like a parent-teacher meeting, an afterschool discussion between student and teacher, or a parent coffee hour where people share information and build relationships), ‘’’paper’’’ communications (like a handout in a backpack, a sign on the wall informing a parent of an opportunity, or a copy of student work at a parent-teacher conference), and ‘’’electronic’’’ communications (like a student checking her grades online or a parent posting a local resource on a school listserv).
| |
| | |
| '''<font color=red>¡Aha! </font color> We could do way more in public education to test specific tools and strategies, to see when "adding tech" supports such necessary communications and when it doesn't.'''
| |
|
| |
| It seems pretty clear that the communication infrastructure of partnership in public education is pretty underdeveloped, in an era when commonplace and free technology could make necessary communication and information-sharing in education easier than ever. But at this point in the development of technology use in education, the challenge is not simply to “add more” but to test when blending in technology might enhance necessary communications.
| |
| | |
| '''<font color=red>¡Aha! </font color> Students, educators, and families can innovate important uses of technologies in education.'''
| |
| | |
| I've heard stories of teachers just walking in to their classrooms to find chalkboards replaced by smartboards, without training. We've tried to test technologies in collaboration with diverse educators, youth, families, and local technologists -- both because these are the people who know which communications are necessary for youth support, but also because involving “end users” in the design makes seeding successful communications far more likely.
| |
| | |
| '''<font color=red>¡Aha! </font color> If we’re going to use tech in education, let’s use inexpensive technology so everyone can use whatever works.'''
| |
|
| |
| Some schools and districts are investing in expensive technology for information-sharing between partners. We've wanted to test the potential of free and commonplace technology and low-cost communication strategies for supporting diverse partners in young people’s lives to collaborate. So, we’ve been working to test free, open-source, and low-cost tools and strategies for linking diverse partners in desired communications. So far, we’ve built new tools (our dashboards and hotline) only when we found no free tool available to test.
| |
| | |
| I'm currently agnostic on whether it's better to create tools from scratch. "Free" tools require very responsible and skilled developers (who have to be paid to create things "free" to others) and, even "free" tools require reliable tech support that also typically requires compensation. Is it better to buy expensive tools off the shelf that come with built-in tech support, or to make your own "free" tools? I'm not sure, but in an era when you can Google any product and contact any friend for free, districts and schools really shouldn't be paying huge fees just to move basic information.
| |
| | |
| Our most successful projects have tested existing free tools or, worked with very experienced open source developers. We’ve tested Google Voice in our texting pilot, and tested Google Translate, Googledocs, Google spreadsheets, and Gmail in our schoolwide communication efforts. Students and teachers tested Googlesites in our ePortfolio pilot, as well as Wikispaces and Posterous, and we’ve used Wordpress to blog out and Mediawiki to organize our ideas for this website.
| |
| | |
| We've also been seeing the need for better and more available hardware and internet access in public schools too. In the eportfolio project, it became clear that software blocking, and old hardware, literally meant that students without home computers could communicate less about who they were and what they could do. (We worked around this, but students shouldn't have to.)
| |
| | |
| '''I only started thinking about tech’s role in school communications in 2009. It's clear to me now that,'''
| |
| | |
| '''<font color=red>¡Aha! </font color> Commonplace tech helps communities connect when they can't meet face to face.'''
| |
|
| |
| A listserv, hotline, or Googleform can help people quickly share information with many people at once. People can quickly access and sort online data in a way they can’t do with paper folders. With technology, supportive information can come at faster speeds: paper report cards come three times a year or study teams meet once a month, but tech can make even daily check-ins about and with a young person possible.
| |
| | |
| '''<font color=red>¡Aha! </font color> Tech also allows info to come in more forms.'''
| |
| | |
| Posted photos and videos can show a young person’s or teacher’s accomplishments in a way that test scores and grades alone can’t. Instead of a handout in a backpack, knowledge of a science fair can be shared community-wide across hundreds of diverse readers on a well-accessed listserv – if someone cares enough about other parents to post it and translate it.
| |
| | |
| '''<font color=red>¡Aha! </font color> Tech's design can add new topics and partners to a conversation.'''
| |
|
| |
| :Think a comment box on a dashboard that encourages a parent to reply: that invites a new partner into the conversation.
| |
| | |
| :Think an eportfolio rubric that asks young people to post evidence of their "creativity" rather than just their "math assignments." That invites totally new information about students' skills, into the conversation.
| |
| | |
| '''<font color=red>¡Aha! </font color> This means that tech also can make collaboration -- the holy grail of improving schools -- more possible, ''if'' you actively remedy barriers to access.'''
| |
| | |
| In schools, you encourage “everybody’s” participation on technology only if you translate information, show people how to use technology, ensure access to common-denominator technologies, and invite/encourage everyone’s participation.
| |
| | |
| '''<font color=red>¡Aha! </font color> But schools need to deal with the details of access barriers if they are truly to close structural cracks rather than widen them (Wilson 2011).
| |
| | |
| Parents who already email their superintendent and teachers regularly will benefit more from a listserv than parents who do not know how to read English or use a mouse. All students who wanted to text had phones, but some lost them and couldn’t afford to replace them; those with less expensive plans ran out of minutes and literally could no longer respond via text like their peers could. Money affects the data plan you can pay for (and so, what you can say and see), and the speed of a broadband connection (faster costs more); cheap plans enabling broadband access “for all” at times often enable slower communications for some. The Healey School began actively pursuing a schoolwide listserv to replace a program-specific listserv, but less tech-savvy parents needed email accounts, accessible computers, and lessons to join the listserv or use translation software, as well as encouragement to actually speak up on the listserv. So, enabling communications at this level of detail is crucial to jumpstarting partnership.
| |
| | |
| CONSIDER DELETING FROM HERE DOWN.
| |
| | |
| Some final overall '''<font color=red>¡Aha!s </font color>''':
| |
| | |
| '''<font color=red>¡Aha! </font color> To support young people, schools can focus on improving information-sharing between the supporters in young people’s lives.'''
| |
| | |
| At any moment, each supporter in a young person's life (and particularly, the student, parent, and teacher) knows something that the others need to know in order to promote student success. Can they share it? If not, what needs to happen?
| |
| | |
| '''<font color=red>¡Aha! </font color> To build the motivation, trust, and ability to communicate, schools can focus on strengthening relationships between the people in young people’s lives.'''
| |
| | |
| A Parent Connector put a repeated ¡Aha! this way: “My main conclusion is that relationships matter and they are what makes everything work.”
| |
| | |
| '''<font color=red>¡Aha! </font color> Sometimes, people need relationships in order to communicate''' (you won't send a text until you know someone). '''Sometimes, they need to share information in order to build a relationship''' (an early text about the start time for class can lead to banter, jokes, and then, more texts).
| |
| | |
| '''<font color=red>¡Aha! </font color> Making new communication tools available in schools (e.g., allowing texting) can help spark communications that spark relationships that buoy the motivation to communicate further.''' A text makes you smile and tells you about a resource; either makes you want to text back.
| |
|
| |
| '''<font color=red>¡Aha! </font color> But only IF people communicate in the spirit of supporting young people's success together. Not all communication is good!'''
| |
| | |
| Consider a parent listserv. Without the listserv, people can't so quickly share resources with all. Sharing a resource can lead a next parent to share a resource. But consider a listserv where parents just sling accusations at other parents.
| |
| | |
| '''<font color=red>¡Aha! </font color> Tech doesn't inherently improve communication: the people using the tech do. Honing norms for using tech is as important as adding tech.
| |
| | |
| :Students and teachers set ground rules for texting to clarify to each other how they wanted to use the channel. No inappropriate texts were sent.
| |
| | |
| :Eportfolio teachers sat down with young people and encouraged them to share their skills on the online tool. Students started to share.
| |
| | |
| :Even if you get student data rapidly off a dashboard, you have to then use the data to support a young person more effectively.
| |
| | |
| '''<font color=red>¡Aha! </font color> The same issues that undermine partnership in schools, period, undermine partnership when you “add tech.”''' Barriers of money, information access, translation, and participation inequality need to be addressed proactively if “adding tech” to school life is to increase inclusion in public education rather than exacerbate inequality.
| |
| | |
| '''<font color=red>¡Aha! </font color> We've also seen that tech is more inclusive when it is low cost and simple, and when access to technology is made more possible by use of common-denominator tools like cell phones and computers put in public places.
| |
| | |
| '''<font color=red>¡Aha! </font color> We've also been seeing that innovating communication solutions together in a community itself helps unite people, because people start to treat each other as necessary partners in young people’s success.''' People start to ask: what are the barriers to working and talking together, and how can those be overcome?
| |
| | |
| '''<font color=red>¡Aha! </font color> Those of us who do research for a living -- me! -- have also been learning that improving communications in a community involves community organizing as much as it involves basic research.''' No strategy gets seeded, and no tool gets used, unless people are inspired to communicate.
| |
| | |
| '''<font color=red>¡Aha! </font color> Major innovation energy exists in every school community. Unleash it!'''
| |
| | |
| '''<font color=red>¡Aha! </font color>I've been calling all this work "improving the communication infrastructure of public education." '''
| |
| | |
| [edit] '''<font color=red>¡Aha! </font color>''' Here’s a logic we all share: It takes a network to raise a child!
| |
| | |
| ==Works Cited==
| |
| Aarons, Dakarai I. (2009) Leading the Charge for Real-Time Data. Education Week, June 3. (online edition).
| |
| | |
| Boudett, Kathryn Parker, Elizabeth City, and Richard Murnane, eds. 2005. Data Wise: A Step-by-Step Guide to Using Assessment Results to Improve Teaching and Learning. Harvard Education Press.
| |
| | |
| Cochran-Smith, Marilyn, and Susan L. Lytle. 2009. Inquiry as Stance: Practitioner Research in the Next Generation. New York: Teachers College Press.
| |
| | |
| Cohen, Geoffrey. L. 2008. Providing Supportive Feedback. In Everyday Antiracism: Getting Real about Race in School, ed. Author, 82-84. New York: The New Press.
| |
| | |
| Darling-Hammond, Linda, and Ray Pecheone, with Ann Jacquith, Susan Schultz,
| |
| Leah Walker, and Ruth Chung Wei. 2010. Developing an Internationally
| |
| Comparable Balanced Assessment System That Supports High-Quality Learning. Educational Testing Service.
| |
| | |
| Daly, Alan J, ed. 2010. Social Network Theory and Educational Change. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press.
| |
| | |
| Daly, Alan J., Nienke M. Moolenaar, Jose M. Bolivar, and Peggy Burke. 2010. Relationships in reform: the role of teachers’ social networks. Journal of Educational Administration, Vol. 48 No. 3, pp. 359-391.
| |
| | |
| Dede, C. 2005. Why Design-Based Research is Both Important and Difficult. Educational Technology 45, 1 (January-February), 5-8.
| |
| | |
| Delpit, Lisa. 2008. Lessons from Teachers. City Kids, City Schools: More Reports from the Front Row. Edited by William Ayers, Gloria Ladson-Billings, Gregory Miche, and Pedro A. Noguera. New York: The New Press, pp. 113-135.
| |
| | |
| Dewey, John. 1897. My Pedagogic Creed. School Journal 54 (January 1897), 77-80.
| |
| Diamond, John B., and Kimberley Gomez. 2004. African American parents’ orientations toward schools: The implications of social class and parents’ perceptions of schools. Education and Urban Society 36(4): 383 427.
| |
| | |
| Ferguson, Ronald F. 2008. Helping students of color meet high standards. In Everyday Antiracism: Getting Real about Race in School, ed. Mica Pollock, 78-81. New York: The New Press.
| |
| | |
| González, Norma, Luis Moll, and Cathy Amanti (Eds.) 2004. Funds of Knowledge: Theorizing Practices in Households, Communities, and Classrooms. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
| |
| | |
| Grossman, Jean B., and Meridel J. Bulle. 2006. Review of What Youth Programs Do to Increase the Connectedness of Youth with Adults. Journal of Adolescent Health 39, 788-799.
| |
| | |
| Hattie, John. 2008. Visible Learning: A Synthesis of Over 800 Meta-Analyses Relating to Achievement. London: Routledge.
| |
| | |
| Henderson, Anne T., Vivian Johnson, Karen L. Mapp, and Don Davies. 2007. Beyond the Bake Sale: The Essential Guide to Family/School Partnerships. New York: The New Press.
| |
| | |
| Horton, Myles, and Paulo Freire. 1990. We Make The Road by Walking: Conversations on Education and Social Change. Temple University Press.
| |
| | |
| Hymes, D. H. (1972) 'Models of the interaction of language and social life', in J. J. Gumperz and D. Hymes (eds) Directions in sociolinguistics: The ethnography of communication. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. pp. 35-71.
| |
| | |
| Ito, Mizuko, et al. 2009. Hanging Out, Messing Around, and Geeking Out: Kids Living and Learning with New Media. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
| |
| | |
| Jones, Makeba, and Susan Yonezawa. 2008. Inviting Students to Analyze their Learning Experience. In Everyday Antiracism: Getting Real about Race in School, ed. Mica Pollock. New York: The New Press, 212-216.
| |
| | |
| Jones, Makeba, and Susan Yonezawa. 2002. Student Voice, Cultural Change: Using Inquiry in School Reform. Equity and Excellence in Education, 35:3, 245-254.
| |
| | |
| Joseph, D. 2004. The Practice of Design-Based Research: Uncovering the Interplay Between Design, Research, and the Real-World Context. Educational Psychologist, 39(4), 235-242.
| |
| | |
| Lawrence Lightfoot, Sara. 2003. The Essential Conversation: What Parents and Teachers can Learn From Each Other. New York: Random House.
| |
| | |
| Lin, Nan. Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
| |
| | |
| Lin, Emily S, and Jonathan Zaff. 2010. Community Collaborations for Change: Lessons Learned and Directions Forward. America’s Promise Alliance: Unpublished Manuscript.
| |
| | |
| Mediratta, Kavitha, Seema Shah, and Sara McAlister. 2009. Building Partnerships to Reinvent School Culture: Austin Interfaith. Providence, RI: Annenberg Institute for School Reform.
| |
| | |
| Mehan, Hugh. 1996. Beneath the skin and between the ears: A case study in the politics of representation. In Understanding Practice: Perspectives on activity and context, ed. Jean Lave and Seth Chaiklin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
| |
| | |
| Mickelson, Roslyn Arlin, and L.L. Cousins. 2008. Informing Parents about Available Opportunities. In Everyday Antiracism: Getting Real about Race in School, ed. Mica Pollock. New York: The New Press.
| |
| | |
| Moolenaar, Nienke M., Alan J. Daly, and Peter J.C. Sleegers. 2010. Occupying the Principal
| |
| Position: Examining Relationships Between Transformational Leadership, Social Network Position, and Schools’ Innovative Climate. Educational Administration Quarterly
| |
| 46(5), 623–670.
| |
|
| |
| Nieto, Sonia. 2000. Affirming diversity: The sociopolitical context of multicultural education. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
| |
| | |
| Noveck, Beth Simone. 2009. Wiki Government: How Techology Can Make Government Better, Democracy Stronger, and Citizens More Powerful. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
| |
| | |
| Oakes, Jeannie, and John Rogers. 2006. Learning Power: Organizing for Education and Justice. New York: TC Press.
| |
| | |
| Penuel, William R., Barry J. Fishman, Britte Haugan Cheng, and Nora Sabelli. Organizing Resaerch and Development at the Intersection of Learning, Implementation, and Design. Educational Researcher 40 (7), 331-337.
| |
| | |
| Pollock, Mica. 2004. Colormute: Race Talk Dilemmas in an American School. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
| |
| | |
| Pollock, Mica. 2008. Because of Race: How Americans Debate Harm and Opportunity in Our Schools. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
| |
| | |
| Pollock, Mica, ed. 2008b. Everyday Antiracism: Getting Real About Race in School. New York: The New Press.
| |
| | |
| Shirky, Clay. 2008. Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations. New York: Penguin.
| |
| | |
| Taveras, Barbara, Caissa Douwes, Karen Johnson, with Diana Lee and Margaret Caspe. 2010. New Visions for Public Schools: Using Data to Engage Families. Harvard Family Research Project, FINE Newsletter, May.
| |
| | |
| Turkle, Sherry. 2011. Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other. New York: Basic Books.
| |
| | |
| Valenzuela, Angela. 1999. Subtractive Schooling: U.S.-Mexican Youth and the Politics of Caring. Albany: State University of New York Press.
| |
| | |
| Watkins, Craig. 2009. The Young and the Digital: What the Migration to Social Network Sites, Games, and Anytime, Anywhere Media Means for Our Future. Boston: Beacon Press.
| |
| | |
| Wilson, Ernie. 2011. “Diversity in a Digital Age.” Berkman Center for Internet and Society, Harvard University, November 10/
| |
| | |
| Yonezawa, S., McClure, L. and Jones, M. August, 2011. Personalization and Student-Centered Learning. Unpublished paper written for Jobs for the Future, sponsored by the Nellie Mae Foundation.
| |
| | |
| Zehr, Mary Ann. March 3, 2011. Civil Rights Deal Signals Federal Push for Translation Services. Education Week. Vol 30, Issue 3, pp. 8-9.
| |
